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PNW 103 Reviewed Julio Of 1994

TileScottish Broom Scoparius de Cytisus (L.) Connection. B. Parker, G. Molinero, and L.C. Burrill   If you wish to print this publication, we recommended to unload gasoline version.   Illus. -- Scottish broom Illus. -- seedpod green Illus. -- seedpod brown Advantages of the Scottish broom Identification Toxicity Related Brooms Broom portuguéa Illus. -- broom portuguéa French broom Illus. -- French broom Spanish broom Illus. -- Spanish broom Prevention Control Biological Control Mechanical Control Chemical Control   The Scottish broom was introduced like ornamental garden by the early colonos of the pacific coast. It has separated distant beyond the limits of the cultivación and now it covers many acres to the west with cascades of British Colombia to California. In California, it is had separated to traverse than more pungent of half-million of rangeland. The Scottish broom is moving quickly in territories of the forest of Oregon and the western Washingtons, in where it is interfering more and more with the reestablecimiento of the plants of seed plot of the harvested earth conifer. The Scottish broom also is being more frequently in areas to the east of cascades. Wherever it grows, this aggressive plant separates to form pure supports to desirable expenses of forbs, grass, and young trees. Because it is a threat to the species of the native plant and indirectly to the animals that they feed in the moved plants, the Scottish broom is a bad injurious grass of class B in Washington and Oregon.   Picture 1. -- Scottish Broom. it covers The Scottish broom has a pile of aid of people to move it to the new sites. Its seed is a regular hitchhiker in the tires of the vehicle, heavy equipment, and in infested gravel. Locally, the Scottish broom separates slowly but persistent. Seedpods divided suddenly in the maturity and expels the seeds. Also, it is disclosed that the ants aggressively gather the seed of the Scottish broom, attending the dispersion. The birds also attend with the extension, but how it is well the seeds survive the digestion varies with the species of the bird. it covers Advantages of the Scottish broom The Scottish broom is an attractive plant and the shining yellow flowers are popular between much people. The nitrogen fixation in broom happens in nodules by the root. The real amount of fixed nitrogen depends on temperature, the humidity, and the ground pH. Most of produced nitrogen it is used by the plants of the broom and gets to be available for other plants only after the broom dies.   Identification The Scottish broom is a perennial imperecedero shrub in the family of the vegetable(Fabaceae ). It reaches heights up to 10 feet and it has hard, angular, more or less erect, green dark, broom-like branches. Many branches are teared the pages out of or have few leaves. The superior leaves are simple, but lower leaves are trifoliolate (threeparted). The shining yellow flowers have near 3/4 inch in length, formed like the flowers of the pea, and the flowering as of April to June. Black the brown cases or are flat with the hairs in the margins only. Each one contains several seeds. The seeds are oval, near 1/8 inch wish, greenish-brown dark, and have a shining surface. The seeds conserve last by 60 years in the ground. it covers Toxicity The Scottish broom has been disclosed European being toxic the cattle (the loss of the cattle is rare in the United States). The Scottish broom contains toxic small amounts of sparteine and isosparteine of the alkaloids of quinolizidine. These toxins probably are in all the parts of the plant. The children develop nausea and to vomit to aspire in the flowers of the French broom, a related species.   Related Brooms There are several other brooms in the Pacific northwest that have potential of being weedy and they separate, but they are limited in the distribution.   The identification and the appointment of brooms in Literature have experienced the constant change, giving by result the considerable confusion. It is important to recognize that there are other brooms in the Pacific northwest and that diverse names for the same plants will be found in Literature. Also there is a great amount of ornamentales brooms that can get to be weedy, but many do not produce the seeds. Portuguese Striatus of Cytisus of the broom (hill.) Rothm. The broom portuguéa is identical a Scottish broom "," except the cases. The cases are inflated and melenudas all above, giving to the plant the aspect of being covered with the buds of the willow of the kitten. The piston rods more are silverplated, but this is difficult to distinguish after that the leaves and the flowers fall. The distribution is limited, but many of the broom portuguéa can be interpreted badly like Scottish broom. Sightings could increase with the correct identification.   Picture 4. -- Broom portuguéa. it covers French Monspessulana of Genista of the broom (L.) L. Johnson.    Picture 3. -- French Broom.  Monspessulanus sometimes called L of Cytisus. The plants of the French broom are very leafy and conserve their leaves the whole year. All the leaves are trifoliolate, whereas the brooms portuguéas and Scot have simple leaves or trifoliolate only goes away in the most inferior part of the plants. The flowers are yellow, smaller than those of the Scottish broom, and appear before-in march and April well. The piston rods finer and are so raised as those of the Scottish broom. The French broom can be a greater problem than the Scottish broom in California; also it is a bad injurious grass of class B in Oregon. it covers Junceum L of Spartium of the Spanish broom. This plant is the plus drought-resistant of the species of the broom. The heavy heavy piston rods are around and almost teared the pages out of. The flowers are similar of size to the Scottish broom but less numerous.      Picture 2. -- Spanish Broom. it covers The distribution in Oregon limits five sites, located everything in western Oregon. This plant is much more abundant in California, but the maps of the distribution are prohibitive. Another broom called the white Spanish broom (sometimes white broom) of Portugal (multiflorus of Cytisus (L'Her.) The candy) is seen once in a while in the western Washingtons and Oregon. This species has white flowers and produces the seeds rarely. Although the names are similar, the plants are absolutely different.   Picture 5. -- Scottish Seedpod of the green one of the broom. Picture 6. -- Scottish Seedpod of the brown one of the broom. it covers Prevention Little it is possible to be made to stop the natural extension of the premises of the brooms, but the extension of the human beings can be reduced. The movement of the equipment of infested sites is the means common to separate the Scottish broom. This can be reduced by the regular and careful cleaning of the equipment before it leaves a site. The early detection and the control of the plants of the broom in sites previously infected are not crucial.   Control Biological Control The domestic goats disclose themselves to leaf through the Scottish broom without evident detrimental effects. The given time, goats will probably control I mend of the Scottish broom if the plants are not too high. One polilla small branch-that mined, spartifoliella of Leucoptera, was introduced in years 70, but it was already in Oregon, perhaps like polluting agent in the ornamental Scottish broom. Polilla is through the valley of Willamette, but parasitiza and to a large extent heavy ineffective. Fuscirostre of Apion of the weevil of the seed, introduced in 1983, has established in many sites through western Oregon. The larvae consume the seeds and can attend to slow down the extension of the plant but they will not reduce an existing support. The nervosa of Agonopterix of polilla of the leaf of the extremity of the launching that tied, an accidental introduction in years 20, has been in most of the sites. Also it happens in gorse. Many foreign insects have been to feed in the Scottish broom, but no appear now until promising for the significant control. it covers Mechanical Control The plants can be controlled digging outside the crowns. After clearing the existing great plants, the repeated cultivación will destroy plants of seed plot of this bad grass; therefore one is not in cultivated harvests. The rotation of grass or perennial plantations to the harvests cultivated by 1 to 2 years reduces problems. The lasting seed provides a regular source of the new plants that must be controlled. The periodic harvest will reduce the seed production but it tends to animate the ramification until a meadow of the Scottish plants of the broom takes place. The fire is often a method of inadequate control for the brooms. The brooms are not burned easily and they will not take a fire unless they are dried previously. Chemical Control The selective herbicidas are available for the control of the brooms. The control with the herbicidas or any combination of methods requires measures of the recordativa letter. The registries of the herbicida change frequently; therefore, this publication does not contain specific instructions of the use of the herbicida. The registered applications are transformed every year in the manual of the Pacific northwest of the control of the bad grass. it covers If you wish to print this publication, we recommended unloading of the version of the pdf. For more information The copies of our publications and videos are available of communications of the station of the extension and the experiment of OSU. For the prices and the information that order, visits our catalogue in line or éntrenos in contact with by the fax (541-737-0817), the email (puborders@oregonstate.edu) or the telephone (1-800-561-6719). Form of order Catalogue of publications and Videos Information That cultivates an orchard Communications of the station of the extension and the experiment Service De Extensio'n Of the University Of State De Oregon University Of State De Oregon Prepared by Larry C. Burrill, specialist of the bad grass of the extension, university of state of Oregon; Bob Parker, scientist of the seed of the extension, university of state of Washington; and Mill Glenn, agronomist, Ministry of Agriculture of Oregon. This publication was produced and distributed in the promotion of the acts of the congress of the one of May 8 and June 30 of 1914. The work of the extension is a cooperative program of the university of state of Oregon, the Ministry of Agriculture of the United States the counties, and Oregon. The service of extension of the state university of Oregon offers educative programs, activities, and the materials -- without consideration some towards the race, the color, the religion, sex, the sexual direction, the national origin, the age, the civil state, the incapacity, and the disabled state of the veteran or the veteran of the Vietnam-eraas required by Title I SAW of the act of the civil rights of 1964, title IX of the amendments of the education of 1972, and section 504 of the act of the rehabilitation of 1973. The service of extension of the state university of Oregon is pattern of the equal opportunity. Reviewed Julio Of 1994.